HR 1338 · 110th Congress 2007–2009, ended

Paycheck Fairness Act

Latest action · Aug 1, 2008 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Progress

Where this bill reached, and when. A stage with no date was not reached; one that failed a vote and later carried shows the date it carried.

  1. IntroducedMar 6, 2007
  2. Passed HouseJul 31, 2008
  3. Passed SenateNot reached
  4. To the PresidentNot reached
  5. Became lawNot reached

Summary

Paycheck Fairness Act - (Sec. 3) Amends the portion of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) known as the Equal Pay Act to revise remedies for, enforcement of, and exceptions to prohibitions against sex discrimination in the payment of wages.

Revises the exception to the prohibition for a wage rate differential based on any other factor other than sex. Limits such factors to bona fide factors, such as education, training, or experience.

States that the bona fide factor defense shall apply only if the employer demonstrates that such factor: (1) is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential in compensation; (2) is job-related with respect to the position in question; and (3) is consistent with business necessity. Avers that such defense shall not apply where the employee demonstrates that: (1) an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing such differential; and (2) the employer has refused to adopt such alternative practice.

Revises the prohibition against employer retaliation for employee complaints. Prohibits retaliation for inquiring about, discussing, or disclosing the wages of the employee or another employee in response to a complaint or charge, or in furtherance of a sex discrimination investigation, proceeding, hearing, or action, or an investigation conducted by the employer.

Makes employers who violate sex discrimination prohibitions liable in a civil action for either compensatory or (except for the federal government) punitive damages.

States that any action brought to enforce the prohibition against sex discrimination may be maintained as a class action in which individuals may be joined as party plaintiffs without their written consent.

Authorizes the Secretary of Labor (Secretary) to seek additional compensatory or punitive damages in a sex discrimination action.

(Sec. 4) Requires the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs to train EEOC employees and affected individuals and entities on matters involving wage discrimination.

(Sec. 5) Authorizes the Secretary to make grants to eligible entities for negotiation skills training programs for girls and women. Directs the Secretaries of Labor and Education to issue regulations or policy guidance to integrate such training into certain programs under their Departments.

(Sec. 6) Directs the Secretary to conduct studies and provide information to employers, labor organizations, and the general public regarding the means available to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.

(Sec. 7) Establishes the Secretary of Labor's National Award for Pay Equity in the Workplace for an employer has made substantial effort to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.

(Sec. 8) Amends the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to require the EEOC to collect from employers pay information data regarding the sex, race, and national origin of employees for use in the enforcement of federal laws prohibiting pay discrimination.

(Sec. 9) Directs: (1) the Commissioner of Labor Statistics to continue to collect data on woman workers in the Current Employment Statistics survey; (2) the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs to use specified types of methods in investigating compensation discrimination and in enforcing pay equity; and (3) the Secretary to make accurate information on compensation discrimination readily available to the public.

(Sec. 10) Authorizes appropriations. Prohibits the earmarking of such funds.

(Sec. 11) Directs the Secretary and the Commissioner of the EEOC jointly to develop technical assistance material to assist small businesses to comply with the requirements of this Act.

Recorded votes 6

Newest first. Open one to see how every member voted.

Roll callQuestionResultDate
House 556Passed247–178Jul 31, 2008
House 555Failed189–236Jul 31, 2008
House 554Agreed to410–16Jul 31, 2008
House 553Agreed to397–29Jul 31, 2008
House 552Agreed to426–1Jul 31, 2008

Cosponsors 230

Members who signed on, in the order they did. Signatures ran from Mar 6, 2007 to Jul 23, 2008; 48 are original cosponsors, there from the day it was introduced.

SeatCosponsorSigned on
D-MDAlbert Russell WynnOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-PAAllyson Y. SchwartzOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CAAnna G. EshooOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MNBetty McCollumOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CABob FilnerOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CABrad ShermanOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NYCarolyn B. MaloneyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MICarolyn C. KilpatrickOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NYCarolyn McCarthyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MIDale E. KildeeOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NCDavid E. PriceOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-WIDavid R. ObeyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-KSDennis MooreOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CODiana DeGetteOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-VIDonna M. ChristensenOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-DCEleanor Holmes NortonOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NCG. K. ButterfieldOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CAGeorge MillerOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CAHilda L. SolisOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CAHoward L. BermanOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MOIke SkeltonOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MNJames L. OberstarOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-VAJames P. MoranOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-ILJanice D. SchakowskyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CAJoe BacaOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CTJohn B. LarsonOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MIJohn Conyers, Jr.OriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MIJohn D. DingellOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NYJohn J. HallOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-INJulia CarsonOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MNKeith EllisonOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-IALeonard L. BoswellOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-TXLloyd DoggettOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CALois CappsOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CALynn C. WoolseyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-GUMadeleine Z. BordalloOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NYMaurice D. HincheyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-PAMichael F. DoyleOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CAMichael M. HondaOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-RIPatrick J. KennedyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-ORPeter A. DeFazioOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-AZRaúl M. GrijalvaOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-MISander M. LevinOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NVShelley BerkleyOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-METhomas H. AllenOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-OHTim RyanOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CATom LantosOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-CAZoe LofgrenOriginalMar 6, 2007
D-NCBob EtheridgeMar 8, 2007
D-ORDavid WuMar 8, 2007
D-CAHenry A. WaxmanMar 8, 2007
D-MAJames P. McGovernMar 8, 2007
D-NYJose E. SerranoMar 8, 2007
D-NYLouise McIntosh SlaughterMar 8, 2007
D-NJRush HoltMar 8, 2007
D-PAJoe SestakMar 28, 2007
D-GAJohn LewisMar 28, 2007
D-ILDanny K. DavisMar 29, 2007
D-CADoris O. MatsuiMar 29, 2007
D-AZEd PastorMar 29, 2007
D-TXEddie Bernice JohnsonMar 29, 2007
D-CAFortney Pete StarkMar 29, 2007
D-NYGregory W. MeeksMar 29, 2007
D-NYJerrold NadlerMar 29, 2007
D-WAJim McDermottMar 29, 2007
D-NYMichael R. McNultyMar 29, 2007
D-NYNita M. LoweyMar 29, 2007
D-FLRobert WexlerMar 29, 2007
D-CASam FarrMar 29, 2007
D-TXSheila Jackson LeeMar 29, 2007
D-WITammy BaldwinMar 29, 2007
D-CAAdam B. SchiffApr 23, 2007
D-TXAl GreenApr 23, 2007
D-OHBetty SuttonApr 23, 2007
D-NCBrad MillerApr 23, 2007
D-NHCarol Shea-PorterApr 23, 2007
D-TXCiro D. RodriguezApr 23, 2007
D-IADavid LoebsackApr 23, 2007
D-NJDonald M. PayneApr 23, 2007
D-CAEllen O. TauscherApr 23, 2007
D-MAJohn F. TierneyApr 23, 2007
D-NYJoseph CrowleyApr 23, 2007
D-CALinda T. SánchezApr 23, 2007
D-HINeil AbercrombieApr 23, 2007
D-WANorman D. DicksApr 23, 2007
D-ILPhil HareApr 23, 2007
D-NJRobert E. AndrewsApr 23, 2007
D-NYSteve IsraelApr 23, 2007
D-NYTimothy H. BishopApr 23, 2007
D-NMTom UdallApr 23, 2007
D-NYYvette D. ClarkeApr 23, 2007
D-WAAdam SmithMay 1, 2007
D-MABill DelahuntMay 1, 2007
D-CADiane E. WatsonMay 1, 2007
D-NYEliot L. EngelMay 1, 2007
D-CAGrace F. NapolitanoMay 1, 2007
D-GAHenry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr.May 1, 2007
D-RIJames R. LangevinMay 1, 2007
D-CTJoe CourtneyMay 1, 2007
D-CALucille Roybal-AllardMay 1, 2007
D-HIMazie K. HironoMay 1, 2007
D-PARobert A. BradyMay 1, 2007
D-OHStephanie Tubbs JonesMay 1, 2007
D-TNSteve CohenMay 1, 2007
D-NJSteven R. RothmanMay 1, 2007
D-ILJesse L. Jackson, Jr.May 17, 2007
D-NYKirsten E. GillibrandMay 17, 2007
D-CASusan A. DavisMay 17, 2007
D-NYAnthony D. WeinerMay 24, 2007
D-CABarbara LeeMay 24, 2007
D-MABarney FrankMay 24, 2007
D-MSBennie G. ThompsonMay 24, 2007
D-MDChris Van HollenMay 24, 2007
D-FLCorrine BrownMay 24, 2007
D-FLDebbie Wasserman SchultzMay 24, 2007
D-NJFrank Pallone, Jr.May 24, 2007
D-MAJohn W. OlverMay 24, 2007
D-ILLuis V. GutierrezMay 24, 2007
D-MAMichael E. CapuanoMay 24, 2007
D-MEMichael H. MichaudMay 24, 2007
D-MARichard E. NealMay 24, 2007
D-TXRuben HinojosaMay 24, 2007
D-MORuss CarnahanMay 24, 2007
D-PATim HoldenMay 24, 2007
D-LAWilliam J. JeffersonMay 24, 2007
D-MDC. A. Dutch RuppersbergerJun 5, 2007
D-ORDarlene HooleyJun 5, 2007
D-NDEarl PomeroyJun 5, 2007
D-MDElijah E. CummingsJun 5, 2007
D-KYBen ChandlerJun 7, 2007
D-PAChaka FattahJun 7, 2007
D-MAEdward J. MarkeyJun 7, 2007
D-OHMarcy KapturJun 7, 2007
D-ARMarion BerryJun 7, 2007
D-ALRobert E. (Bud) Cramer Jr.Jun 7, 2007
D-WIRon KindJun 7, 2007
D-GASanford D. Bishop, Jr.Jun 7, 2007
D-WABrian BairdJun 11, 2007
D-TXGene GreenJun 11, 2007
D-CAJerry McNerneyJun 11, 2007
D-NYNydia M. VelázquezJun 11, 2007
D-VTPeter WelchJun 11, 2007
D-KYJohn A. YarmuthJun 12, 2007
D-NYEdolphus TownsJun 14, 2007
D-FLKathy CastorJun 14, 2007
D-MAMartin T. MeehanJun 14, 2007
D-TXCharles A. GonzalezJun 15, 2007
D-CTChristopher MurphyJun 15, 2007
D-WVAlan B. MollohanJun 22, 2007
D-FLAlcee L. HastingsJun 22, 2007
D-NJBill Pascrell, Jr.Jun 22, 2007
D-ILBobby L. RushJun 22, 2007
D-NYCharles B. RangelJun 22, 2007
D-NYGary L. AckermanJun 22, 2007
D-SCJames E. ClyburnJun 22, 2007
D-ILJerry F. CostelloJun 22, 2007
D-CALoretta SanchezJun 22, 2007
D-NCMelvin L. WattJun 22, 2007
D-NYMichael A. ArcuriJun 22, 2007
D-CAMike ThompsonJun 22, 2007
D-WVNick J. Rahall IIJun 22, 2007
D-ILRahm EmanuelJun 22, 2007
D-TXSilvestre ReyesJun 22, 2007
D-MOWm. Lacy ClayJun 22, 2007
D-CAXavier BecerraJun 22, 2007
D-ALArtur DavisJun 26, 2007
D-MIBart StupakJun 26, 2007
D-NYBrian HigginsJun 26, 2007
D-OHDennis J. KucinichJun 26, 2007
D-OREarl BlumenauerJun 26, 2007
D-MOEmanuel CleaverJun 26, 2007
D-WIGwen MooreJun 26, 2007
D-CAJane HarmanJun 26, 2007
D-WAJay InsleeJun 26, 2007
D-UTJim MathesonJun 26, 2007
D-FLKendrick B. MeekJun 26, 2007
D-ARMike RossJun 26, 2007
D-PAPaul E. KanjorskiJun 26, 2007
D-NHPaul W. HodesJun 26, 2007
D-VARobert C. "Bobby" ScottJun 26, 2007
D-MDSteny H. HoyerJun 26, 2007
D-NJAlbio SiresJun 27, 2007
D-FLAllen BoydJun 27, 2007
D-IABruce L. BraleyJun 27, 2007
D-OHCharles A. WilsonJun 27, 2007
D-LACharlie MelanconJun 27, 2007
D-TXChet EdwardsJun 27, 2007
D-MNCollin C. PetersonJun 27, 2007
D-GADavid ScottJun 27, 2007
D-COEd PerlmutterJun 27, 2007
D-ASEni F. H. FaleomavaegaJun 27, 2007
D-AZGabrielle GiffordsJun 27, 2007
D-PAJason AltmireJun 27, 2007
D-TNJim CooperJun 27, 2007
D-GAJohn BarrowJun 27, 2007
D-SCJohn M. Spratt, Jr.Jun 27, 2007
D-PAJohn P. MurthaJun 27, 2007
D-MDJohn P. SarbanesJun 27, 2007
D-COJohn T. SalazarJun 27, 2007
D-TNLincoln DavisJun 27, 2007
D-CAMaxine WatersJun 27, 2007
D-INPeter J. ViscloskyJun 27, 2007
D-WARick LarsenJun 27, 2007
D-SDStephanie Herseth SandlinJun 27, 2007
D-MAStephen F. LynchJun 27, 2007
D-WISteve KagenJun 27, 2007
D-FLTim MahoneyJun 27, 2007
D-MNTimothy J. WalzJun 27, 2007
D-ARVic SnyderJun 27, 2007
D-OHZachary T. SpaceJun 27, 2007
D-INBrad EllsworthJun 28, 2007
D-PAChristopher P. CarneyJun 28, 2007
R-CTChristopher ShaysJun 28, 2007
D-OKDan BorenJun 28, 2007
D-ILDaniel LipinskiJun 28, 2007
D-AZHarry E. MitchellJun 28, 2007
D-NCHeath ShulerJun 28, 2007
D-TXHenry CuellarJun 28, 2007
D-NCMike McIntyreJun 28, 2007
D-PAPatrick J. MurphyJun 28, 2007
D-FLRon KleinJun 28, 2007
D-TXSolomon P. OrtizJun 28, 2007
D-GAJim MarshallJul 10, 2007
D-COMark UdallJul 10, 2007
D-VARick BoucherSep 24, 2007
D-CADennis A. CardozaNov 8, 2007
D-CAJackie SpeierApr 22, 2008
D-INAndré CarsonJun 4, 2008
D-CALaura RichardsonJul 23, 2008
D-MANiki TsongasJul 23, 2008

Committees 2

Where it was sent and what each committee and subcommittee did with it, in order.

ChamberCommitteeWhat it did
HouseEducation and Workforce Committee
Referred Mar 6, 2007Markup Jul 24, 2008Reported Jul 28, 2008
Workforce Protections Subcommittee
Referred Jun 5, 2007Hearings Jul 11, 2007Discharged Jul 24, 2008
SenateHealth, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee
Referred Aug 1, 2008

Actions 42

Everything that happened, newest first.

  1. Aug 1, 2008Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
  2. Jul 31, 2008Rule H. Res. 1388 passed House.
  3. Jul 31, 2008Considered under the provisions of rule H. Res. 1388. (consideration: CR H7678-7681)
  4. Jul 31, 2008Rule provides for consideration of H.R. 1338 with 1 hour of general debate. Previous question shall be considered as ordered without intervening motions except motion to recommit with or without instructions. Measure will be considered read. Specified amendments are in order. All points of order against consideration of the bill are waived except those arising under clause 9 or 10 of rule XXI.
  5. Jul 31, 2008House resolved itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union pursuant to H. Res. 1388 and Rule XVIII.

In the Congressional Record 10

Days the Record’s own index lists this bill, newest first, with the pages and the members it names. Pages starting H are the House, S the Senate, E Extensions of Remarks.

WhereIn the RecordMembersDate
ExtensionsDebate and remarks E1731Carol Shea-Porter D-NHSep 9, 2008
ExtensionsDebate and remarks E1682, E1686, E1695, E1698Betty McCollum D-MN, Carolyn C. Kilpatrick D-MI, Mark Udall D-CO, Rush Holt D-NJAug 1, 2008
HouseDebate and remarks H7637–H7642, H7678–H7704, H7701–H7703, H7705Text printed H7637Amendments H7642, H7691, H7693, H7695, H7696, H7697Motions H7701Recorded votes H7676, H7698, H7699, H7700, H7701, H7703, H7704Altmire amendment (delay implementation and develop technical assistance materials to assist small businesses with compliance)Cazayoux amendment (business and industry compliance with all applicable immigration laws)consideration (H. Res. 1388), previous questionenactGiffords amendment (clarify legal standard for punitive damages for wage discrimination based on sex to require malice or reckless indifference)Price of Georgia amendment (delay implementation until a study is conducted examining effect on employer recruiting and hiring)Price of Georgia motion to recommit (national energy policy)Rulings of the chair H7702Anna G. Eshoo D-CA, Barbara Lee D-CA, Betty Sutton D-OH, Carolyn B. Maloney D-NY, Chris Van Hollen D-MD, Danny K. Davis D-IL, Debbie Wasserman Schultz D-FL, Dennis J. Kucinich D-OH, Donald J. Cazayoux Jr. D-LA (amendment), Eddie Bernice Johnson D-TX, Eleanor Holmes Norton D-DC, Fortney Pete Stark D-CA, Gabrielle Giffords D-AZ (amendment), Gene Green D-TX, George Miller D-CA, Hilda L. Solis D-CA, Howard P. "Buck" McKeon R-CA, James R. Langevin D-RI, Janice D. Schakowsky D-IL, Jason Altmire D-PA (amendment), Jeff Flake R-AZ (amendment), Joe Baca D-CA, Joe Wilson R-SC, John Conyers, Jr. D-MI, John D. Dingell D-MI, Kathy Castor D-FL, Laura Richardson D-CA, Lincoln Diaz-Balart R-FL (amendment), Linda T. Sánchez D-CA, Lois Capps D-CA, Louise McIntosh Slaughter D-NY, Lucille Roybal-Allard D-CA, Lynn C. Woolsey D-CA, Marcy Kaptur D-OH, Mazie K. Hirono D-HI, Melissa L. Bean D-IL (amendment), Michael M. Honda D-CA, Peter Welch D-VT, Phil Hare D-IL, Robert E. Andrews D-NJ, Rosa L. DeLauro D-CT, Sander M. Levin D-MI, Sheila Jackson Lee D-TX, Steny H. Hoyer D-MD, Susan A. Davis D-CA, Tom Price R-GA (amendment, motion), Virginia Foxx R-NCJul 31, 2008
ExtensionsDebate and remarks E1268Charles B. Rangel D-NYJun 18, 2008
HouseDebate and remarks H5115Jackie Speier D-CAJun 10, 2008

Research

What has been written about this bill: committee reports, cost estimates, the sponsor’s authority statement, printed hearings and the Congressional Research Service’s work.

Committee report

Congressional Budget Office cost estimates 2

  1. Jul 25, 2008H.R. 1338, Paycheck Fairness Act<p>Cost estimate for the bill as ordered reported by the House Committee on Education and Labor on July 23, 2008</p>
  2. Jul 25, 2008H.R. 1338, Paycheck Fairness ActCost estimate for the bill as ordered reported by the House Committee on Education and Labor on July 23, 2008

Printed hearings 3

Hearings whose printed record names this bill, newest first: hearings on it, and wider hearings where it came up.

NumberHearingCommitteeHeld
S. Hrg. 110-802BARRIERS TO JUSTICE: EXAMINING EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK105 pagesJudiciary CommitteeSep 23, 2008
Serial No. 110-54THE PAYCHECK FAIRNESS ACT (H.R. 1338)68 pagesEducation and Workforce CommitteeJul 11, 2007
Serial No. 110-24STRENGTHENING THE MIDDLE CLASS: ENSURING EQUAL PAY FOR WOMEN67 pagesEducation and Workforce CommitteeApr 24, 2007

Amendments 6

Amendments offered to this bill.

AmendmentDescriptionOffered byStatus
HAmdt 1144An amendment numbered 1 printed in House Report 110-807 to strike Section 3(b), "Application of Provisions," from the bill.Melissa L. Bean D-ILOn agreeing to the Bean amendment (A001) Agreed to by voice vote.
HAmdt 1145An amendment numbered 2 printed in House Report 110-807 to direct the Secretary of Labor to study and report back to Congress within 90 days the effect of the Equal Pay Act amendments contained in the bill (section 3) on employers' ability to recruit and hire employees regardless of gender; the effective date of these amendments is delayed pending the Secretary's report. If the Secretary finds that these amendments are likely to significantly hinder employers' ability to hire and recruit employees regardless of gender, they do not go into effect.Tom Price R-GAOn agreeing to the Price (GA) amendment (A002) Failed by recorded vote: 188 - 240 (Roll no. 551).
HAmdt 1146An amendment numbered 3 printed in House Report 110-807 to delay the effective date of the bill by six months from the time of enactment. The amendment requires the Department of Labor to educate small businesses about what is required under law and assist them with compliance.Jason Altmire D-PAOn agreeing to the Altmire amendment (A003) Agreed to by recorded vote: 426 - 1 (Roll no. 552).
HAmdt 1147An amendment numbered 4 printed in House Report 110-807 to clarify that a plaintiff must show intent (malice or reckless indifference) to recover punitive damages.Gabrielle Giffords D-AZOn agreeing to the Giffords amendment (A004) Agreed to by recorded vote: 397 - 29 (Roll no. 553).
HAmdt 1148An amendment numbered 5 printed in House Report 110-807 to clarify that nothing in the Paycheck Fairness Act would affect the obligation of employers and employees to fully comply with all the applicable immigration laws.Donald J. Cazayoux Jr. D-LAOn agreeing to the Cazayoux amendment (A005) Agreed to by recorded vote: 410 - 16, 1 Present (Roll no. 554).

Related bills 2

Companion bills and other measures the record links to this one.

Titles 4

Every title it has carried, official and short, at each stage.

Official Title as Introduced
To amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex, and for other purposes.
Short Titles as Introduced
Paycheck Fairness Act
Short Titles as Reported to House
Paycheck Fairness Act
Short Titles as Passed House
Paycheck Fairness Act

Subjects

Assigned by the Library of Congress. Policy area: Labor and Employment.

Text 4

Each version as it was printed, newest first.

  1. Aug 1, 2008Referred in Senate
  2. Jul 31, 2008Engrossed in House
  3. Jul 28, 2008Reported in House
  4. Mar 6, 2007Introduced in House

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Everything here is as published by Congress: the summary is the Congressional Research Service's, the action wording is the clerks', and the subjects are the Library of Congress's. How far it got is read from the actions themselves, taking the most recent one of each kind, so a bill that failed a vote and later passed is shown as having passed. Records come from this bill on Congress.gov and govinfo.gov; cost estimates are the Congressional Budget Office's, and the hearings are the printed hearings GovInfo publishes, which can appear months after the hearing.