Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
Latest action · Feb 13, 2008 Became Public Law No: 110-185.
Progress
Where this bill reached, and when. A stage with no date was not reached; one that failed a vote and later carried shows the date it carried.
- IntroducedJan 28, 2008
- Passed HouseJan 29, 2008
- Passed SenateFeb 7, 2008
- To the PresidentFeb 8, 2008
- Became lawFeb 13, 2008Public Law 110-185
Summary
(This measure has not been amended since it was passed by the Senate on February 7, 2008. The summary of that version is repeated here.)
Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 - Title I: Recovery Rebates and Incentives for Business Investment - (Sec. 101) Amends the Internal Revenue Code to grant tax rebates of the lesser of net income tax liability or $600 to individual taxpayers ($1,200 for married taxpayers filing joint returns). Allows additional rebates of $300 for each child of an eligible taxpayer.
Provides for a minimum tax rebate of $300 ($600 for married taxpayers filing joint returns) for taxpayers with earned income of at least $3,000. Includes social security retirement benefits and compensation and pension benefits paid to disabled veterans for purposes of determining income eligibility for rebates.
Reduces the amount of such rebates by 5% of the amount that exceeds an adjusted gross income of $75,000 ($150,000 for married taxpayers filing joint returns).
Directs the Secretary of the Treasury to pay tax rebates as rapidly as possible. Prohibits: (1) payment of rebates after December 31, 2008; and (2) payment of a rebate to a taxpayer without a valid identification number (i.e., social security number).
Provides for payment of comparable tax rebates to residents of the Commonwealths of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Provides that the payment of a tax rebate shall not be considered income for purposes of determining eligibility for federal and federally-assisted state benefit programs.
Makes appropriations for FY2008 to implement payment of the tax rebates. Directs the Secretary to submit a plan and quarterly reports to the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations on actual and expected expenditures of appropriated funds.
(Sec. 102) Increases in 2008: (1) the expensing allowance for depreciable business assets to $250,000; and (2) the maximum investment phase-out threshold for such expensing allowance to $800,000.
(Sec. 103) Increases to 50% (from 30%) the amount of the adjusted basis of certain depreciable property (e.g., equipment and computer software) that may be claimed as a deductible expense in 2008.
Title II: Housing GSE and FHA Loan Limits - (Sec. 201) Raises the statutory ceiling on the maximum original principal obligation of a mortgage originated between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008, that may be purchased by either the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). Disregards mortgages purchased with the increased ceiling amount for purposes of meeting certain housing goals established under the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992.
Expresses the sense of Congress that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac should securitize mortgages acquired pursuant to the increased conforming loan limits of this Act if the manner of securitization does not: (1) impose additional costs for mortgages originated, purchased, or securitized under existing limits; or (2) interfere with the goal of adding liquidity to the market.
(Sec. 202) Establishes a temporary loan limit increase for FHA-insured mortgages in specified high-cost areas for which a borrower received credit approval by December 31, 2008.
Grants the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) discretionary authority to increase loan limits in 2008 based upon the size and location of residences in particular areas.
Directs the Secretary to publish the median house prices and mortgage principal obligation limits as revised by this Act not later than 30 days after its enactment.
Title III: Emergency Designation - Designates all provisions of this Act as emergency requirements and necessary to meet emergency needs for certain budgetary purposes.
Recorded votes 5
Newest first. Open one to see how every member voted.
| Roll call | Question | Result | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| House 42 | On Agreeing to the Senate Amendment | Passed380–34 | Feb 7, 2008 |
| Senate 10 | On Passage of the Bill H.R. 5140 | Bill Passed81–16 | Feb 7, 2008 |
| Senate 6 | On the Motion (Motion to Instruct Sgt. At Arms) | Motion Agreed to73–12 | Feb 5, 2008 |
| Senate 5 | On the Cloture Motion H.R. 5140 | Cloture Motion Agreed to80–4 | Feb 4, 2008 |
| House 25 | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass | Passed385–35 | Jan 29, 2008 |
Cosponsors 15
Members who signed on, in the order they did. All signed on Jan 28, 2008.
| Seat | Cosponsor | Signed on | |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-MA | Barney Frank | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-NY | Charles B. Rangel | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-WI | David R. Obey | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-CA | George Miller | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-SC | James E. Clyburn | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| R-LA | Jim McCrery | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| R-OH | John A. Boehner | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-CT | John B. Larson | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| R-TX | Kay Granger | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-IL | Rahm Emanuel | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-CT | Rosa L. DeLauro | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| R-MO | Roy Blunt | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| R-AL | Spencer Bachus | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-MD | Steny H. Hoyer | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
| D-CA | Xavier Becerra | Original | Jan 28, 2008 |
Committees 2
Where it was sent and what each committee and subcommittee did with it, in order.
| Chamber | Committee | What it did |
|---|---|---|
| House | Ways and Means Committee | Referred Jan 28, 2008 |
| House | Financial Services Committee | Referred Jan 28, 2008 |
Actions 32
Everything that happened, newest first.
- Feb 13, 2008Signed by President.
- Feb 13, 2008Became Public Law No: 110-185.
- Feb 8, 2008Presented to President.
- Feb 7, 2008Considered by Senate. (consideration: CR S762-773)
- Feb 7, 2008Motion by Senator Reid to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions to report back forthwith, with the following amendment (SA 3985) withdrawn in Senate. (consideration: CR S762)
In the Congressional Record 21
Days the Record’s own index lists this bill, newest first, with the pages and the members it names. Pages starting H are the House, S the Senate, E Extensions of Remarks.
| Where | In the Record | Members | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| House · Senate | Debate and remarks H2990, H2991, S3684 | Jack Reed D-RI, Roy Blunt R-MO, Steny H. Hoyer D-MD | May 1, 2008 |
| House | Debate and remarks H2867 | Keith Ellison D-MN | Apr 30, 2008 |
| House | Debate and remarks H2273 | Charles A. Wilson D-OH, Steve Cohen D-TN | Apr 15, 2008 |
| House | Debate and remarks H1957, H1960 | Yvette D. Clarke D-NY | Apr 2, 2008 |
| House | Debate and remarks H1807, H1808 | Barbara Lee D-CA, Stephanie Tubbs Jones D-OH | Mar 31, 2008 |
| House | Debate and remarks H1421 | Danny K. Davis D-IL | Mar 10, 2008 |
| Senate | Debate and remarks S1735 | Harry Reid D-NV | Mar 7, 2008 |
| House | Debate and remarks H1319 | Kendrick B. Meek D-FL | Mar 5, 2008 |
| Senate | Debate and remarks S1219, S1220, S1243 | Bob Corker R-TN, Lamar Alexander R-TN | Feb 27, 2008 |
| Senate | Debate and remarks S1183–S1185 | Amy Klobuchar D-MN | Feb 26, 2008 |
| Extensions | Debate and remarks E211 | Phil Hare D-IL | Feb 19, 2008 |
| House · Extensions | Debate and remarks E177, E182, H874, H875, H935–H937 | Albio Sires D-NJ, G. K. Butterfield D-NC, Kendrick B. Meek D-FL, Michael A. Arcuri D-NY, Paul E. Kanjorski D-PA, Rosa L. DeLauro D-CT, Yvette D. Clarke D-NY | Feb 13, 2008 |
| Senate | Amendments S816, S817 | Debbie Stabenow D-MI (amendment), John Ensign R-NV (amendment), Roger F. Wicker R-MS (amendment) | Feb 8, 2008 |
| House · Senate · Extensions | Debate and remarks E148, H626, H627, H784, H786–H793, H798, H799, S754–S759, S762–S773Amendments H784, S773, S797, S800Motions H786Recorded votes H793, S773Rangel motion to concur in Senate amendmentReid amendment (revise eligibility criteria for recovery rebates for individuals) | Albio Sires D-NJ, Barbara A. Mikulski D-MD, Barbara Boxer D-CA, Barney Frank D-MA, Betty McCollum D-MN, Blanche L. Lincoln D-AR (amendment), Bob Corker R-TN, Carl Levin D-MI, Charles B. Rangel D-NY (motion), Charles E. Schumer D-NY, Christopher Murphy D-CT, Chuck Grassley R-IA (amendment), David Scott D-GA, David Vitter R-LA (amendment), Debbie Stabenow D-MI, Debbie Wasserman Schultz D-FL, Gordon H. Smith R-OR (amendment), Harry Reid D-NV (amendment), Jason Altmire D-PA, Jim Bunning R-KY (amendment), Jim McCrery R-LA, Joe Donnelly D-IN, John A. Boehner R-OH, John A. Yarmuth D-KY, John Campbell R-CA, John E. Sununu R-NH (amendment), John F. Kerry D-MA (amendment), John McCain R-AZ, Johnny Isakson R-GA (amendment), Judd Gregg R-NH, Judy Biggert R-IL, Ken Salazar D-CO (amendment), Lamar Alexander R-TN (amendment), Max Baucus D-MT (amendment), Mitch McConnell R-KY (amendment), Nancy Pelosi D-CA, Norm Coleman R-MN (amendment), Olympia J. Snowe R-ME (amendment), Pat Roberts R-KS (amendment), Patty Murray D-WA, Paul E. Kanjorski D-PA, Phil English R-PA, Richard Burr R-NC (amendment), Richard J. Durbin D-IL, Robert Menendez D-NJ, Roger F. Wicker R-MS (amendment), Ron Klein D-FL, Russell D. Feingold D-WI, Sam Brownback R-KS (amendment), Sheila Jackson Lee D-TX, Spencer Bachus R-AL, Ted Stevens R-AK (amendment), Timothy J. Walz D-MN, Wally Herger R-CA | Feb 7, 2008 |
| Senate · Extensions | Debate and remarks E120, E122, S679–S685, S688, S700–S702, S715–S725Amendments S734, S744, S745, S746, S747, S748, S749Cloture motions S725Recorded votes S725cloture motion on Reid amendment (substitute) | Al Green D-TX, Amy Klobuchar D-MN, Barbara A. Mikulski D-MD (amendment, cloture motion), Barbara Boxer D-CA (amendment), Ben Nelson D-NE (amendment), Benjamin L. Cardin D-MD (cloture motion), Bernard Sanders I-VT (amendment), Bill Nelson D-FL (amendment), Blanche L. Lincoln D-AR, Byron L. Dorgan D-ND (amendment, cloture motion), Charles E. Schumer D-NY (amendment), Christopher J. Dodd D-CT (amendment, cloture motion), Christopher S. Bond R-MO (amendment), Chuck Grassley R-IA, Claire McCaskill D-MO (cloture motion), Daniel K. Akaka D-HI (amendment, cloture motion), David Vitter R-LA (amendment), Edward M. Kennedy D-MA, Frank R. Lautenberg D-NJ (cloture motion), Harry Reid D-NV (cloture motion), Herb Kohl D-WI (cloture motion), Hillary Rodham Clinton D-NY (amendment), Jack Reed D-RI (amendment), Jeff Bingaman D-NM (amendment), Jim Bunning R-KY (amendment), Jim DeMint R-SC (amendment), Jim Webb D-VA (amendment), John Cornyn R-TX (amendment), John E. Sununu R-NH (amendment), John F. Kerry D-MA (amendment), John Thune R-SD (amendment), Johnny Isakson R-GA (amendment), Jon Kyl R-AZ (amendment), Jon Tester D-MT (cloture motion), Joseph I. Lieberman I-CT (cloture motion), Lamar Alexander R-TN (amendment), Larry E. Craig R-ID (amendment), Lindsey Graham R-SC (amendment), Mark L. Pryor D-AR (cloture motion), Mary L. Landrieu D-LA (amendment), Max Baucus D-MT (cloture motion), Mike Crapo R-ID (amendment), Mitch McConnell R-KY (amendment), Olympia J. Snowe R-ME (amendment), Orrin G. Hatch R-UT (amendment), Pat Roberts R-KS (amendment), Pete V. Domenici R-NM, Richard Burr R-NC (amendment), Richard C. Shelby R-AL (amendment), Richard J. Durbin D-IL (amendment, cloture motion), Robert Menendez D-NJ (amendment, cloture motion), Robert P. Casey Jr. D-PA (cloture motion), Ron Wyden D-OR (amendment), Sam Brownback R-KS (amendment), Saxby Chambliss R-GA (amendment), Sheldon Whitehouse D-RI (cloture motion), Sherrod Brown D-OH (amendment), Ted Stevens R-AK (amendment), Tim Johnson D-SD (amendment), Tom Coburn R-OK (amendment), Tom Harkin D-IA (amendment), Tom Udall D-NM, Wayne Allard R-CO (amendment) | Feb 6, 2008 |
| Senate | Debate and remarks S613–S620, S622–S636, S648–S650, S655, S656, S672Amendments S656, S662, S663, S670Motions S656Cloture motions S656 | Barbara A. Mikulski D-MD (cloture motion), Benjamin L. Cardin D-MD (cloture motion), Byron L. Dorgan D-ND (amendment, cloture motion), Christopher J. Dodd D-CT (cloture motion), Claire McCaskill D-MO (cloture motion), Daniel K. Akaka D-HI (cloture motion), David Vitter R-LA (amendment), Debbie Stabenow D-MI, Frank R. Lautenberg D-NJ (cloture motion), Harry Reid D-NV (amendment, cloture motion, motion), Herb Kohl D-WI (cloture motion), Jim DeMint R-SC (amendment), John Cornyn R-TX, Jon Kyl R-AZ, Jon Tester D-MT (cloture motion), Joseph I. Lieberman I-CT (cloture motion), Ken Salazar D-CO, Kent Conrad D-ND, Maria Cantwell D-WA, Mark L. Pryor D-AR (cloture motion), Max Baucus D-MT (cloture motion), Mitch McConnell R-KY, Patty Murray D-WA, Richard J. Durbin D-IL (cloture motion), Robert C. Byrd D-WV, Robert Menendez D-NJ (cloture motion), Robert P. Casey Jr. D-PA (cloture motion), Sheldon Whitehouse D-RI (cloture motion), Sherrod Brown D-OH | Feb 5, 2008 |
| Senate | Debate and remarks S562, S580, S581–S596Amendments S602Cloture motions S581Recorded votes S581cloture motion on motion to proceed | Amy Klobuchar D-MN, Barbara A. Mikulski D-MD (amendment, cloture motion), Barbara Boxer D-CA, Bernard Sanders I-VT, Blanche L. Lincoln D-AR (cloture motion), Byron L. Dorgan D-ND (cloture motion), Charles E. Schumer D-NY (amendment), Christopher J. Dodd D-CT (cloture motion), Daniel K. Akaka D-HI, Daniel K. Inouye D-HI (cloture motion), Debbie Stabenow D-MI (cloture motion), Harry Reid D-NV, Herb Kohl D-WI (cloture motion), Jeff Bingaman D-NM (cloture motion), Jim Webb D-VA (amendment), John D. Rockefeller IV D-WV (cloture motion), Jon Kyl R-AZ, Jon Tester D-MT (cloture motion), Joseph I. Lieberman I-CT (cloture motion), Ken Salazar D-CO (cloture motion), Kent Conrad D-ND (cloture motion), Maria Cantwell D-WA (cloture motion), Mark L. Pryor D-AR (cloture motion), Max Baucus D-MT (cloture motion), Mitch McConnell R-KY, Richard J. Durbin D-IL, Robert Menendez D-NJ (cloture motion), Sherrod Brown D-OH (amendment), Tom Harkin D-IA (amendment) | Feb 4, 2008 |
| Senate | Debate and remarks S507, S509, S511–S526, S530, S532–S535Amendments S552, S553, S554Cloture motions S530 | Barbara A. Mikulski D-MD (cloture motion), Benjamin L. Cardin D-MD, Bernard Sanders I-VT, Bill Nelson D-FL, Blanche L. Lincoln D-AR (cloture motion), Byron L. Dorgan D-ND (cloture motion), Christopher J. Dodd D-CT (amendment, cloture motion), Chuck Grassley R-IA, Daniel K. Inouye D-HI (cloture motion), Debbie Stabenow D-MI (cloture motion), Harry Reid D-NV, Herb Kohl D-WI (cloture motion), Jeff Bingaman D-NM (cloture motion), Jim DeMint R-SC (amendment), John D. Rockefeller IV D-WV (amendment, cloture motion), John Thune R-SD (amendment), Jon Tester D-MT (cloture motion), Joseph I. Lieberman I-CT (cloture motion), Ken Salazar D-CO (cloture motion), Kent Conrad D-ND (cloture motion), Maria Cantwell D-WA (cloture motion), Mark L. Pryor D-AR (cloture motion), Max Baucus D-MT (cloture motion), Mitch McConnell R-KY, Olympia J. Snowe R-ME, Patty Murray D-WA, Richard C. Shelby R-AL (amendment), Robert Menendez D-NJ (amendment, cloture motion), Ron Wyden D-OR (amendment), Sheldon Whitehouse D-RI, Tim Johnson D-SD (amendment) | Jan 31, 2008 |
| Senate | Debate and remarks S460–S470, S474, S478–S480, S483 | Bernard Sanders I-VT, Bob Corker R-TN, Byron L. Dorgan D-ND, John Cornyn R-TX, John E. Sununu R-NH, Johnny Isakson R-GA, Judd Gregg R-NH, Max Baucus D-MT, Sherrod Brown D-OH, Thomas R. Carper D-DE | Jan 30, 2008 |
| House · Senate | Debate and remarks H483, H484, H485–H509, H537, H538, S408, S409, S411, S454, S457Text printed H485–H487Amendments H500Recorded votes H508enact | Barbara Lee D-CA, Barney Frank D-MA, Bob Etheridge D-NC, Byron L. Dorgan D-ND, Carol Shea-Porter D-NH, Carolyn B. Maloney D-NY, Charles B. Rangel D-NY, Chris Van Hollen D-MD, Christopher J. Dodd D-CT, Christopher Shays R-CT, Dave Camp R-MI, David Scott D-GA, Donna M. Christensen D-VI, Doris O. Matsui D-CA, Earl Blumenauer D-OR, Ed Perlmutter D-CO, Eric Cantor R-VA, F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. R-WI, Fortney Pete Stark D-CA, Gary G. Miller R-CA, George Miller D-CA, Harry Reid D-NV, Henry Cuellar D-TX, James E. Clyburn D-SC, James P. McGovern D-MA, James P. Moran D-VA, James R. Langevin D-RI, Jason Altmire D-PA, Jeb Hensarling R-TX, Jerry Weller R-IL, Jim McCrery R-LA, Jim McDermott D-WA, Joe Donnelly D-IN, John A. Boehner R-OH, John A. Yarmuth D-KY, John B. Larson D-CT, John Campbell R-CA, John Cornyn R-TX, John D. Dingell D-MI, John J. Hall D-NY, John M. Spratt, Jr. D-SC, Jose E. Serrano D-NY, Judy Biggert R-IL, Kevin Brady R-TX, Lloyd Doggett D-TX, Luis G. Fortuno R-PR, Mark Udall D-CO, Maxine Waters D-CA, Melissa L. Bean D-IL, Michael N. Castle R-DE, Mike Pence R-IN, Nancy Pelosi D-CA, Patrick T. McHenry R-NC, Paul E. Kanjorski D-PA, Phil English R-PA, Phil Hare D-IL, Rahm Emanuel D-IL, Randy Neugebauer R-TX, Richard E. Neal D-MA, Ron Paul R-TX, Rosa L. DeLauro D-CT, Sander M. Levin D-MI, Sheila Jackson Lee D-TX (amendment), Shelley Berkley D-NV, Shelley Moore Capito R-WV, Spencer Bachus R-AL, Steny H. Hoyer D-MD, Tim Mahoney D-FL, Wally Herger R-CA | Jan 29, 2008 |
| House | Debate and remarks H459, H460 | Danny K. Davis D-IL, Joe Wilson R-SC, Ted Poe R-TX | Jan 28, 2008 |
Research
What has been written about this bill: committee reports, cost estimates, the sponsor’s authority statement, printed hearings and the Congressional Research Service’s work.
Congressional Budget Office cost estimates 4
- Feb 11, 2008H.R. 5140, Economic Stimulus Act of 2008<p>Direct spending and revenues effects estimate for the bill as cleared by the Congress on February 7, 2008</p>
- Feb 11, 2008H.R. 5140, Economic Stimulus Act of 2008Direct spending and revenues effects estimate for the bill as cleared by the Congress on February 7, 2008
- Feb 5, 2008H.R. 5140, Recovery Rebates and Economic Stimulus for the American People Act of 2008<p>Cost estimate for the bill as passed the House of Representatives on January 29, 2008</p>
- Feb 5, 2008H.R. 5140, Recovery Rebates and Economic Stimulus for the American People Act of 2008Cost estimate for the bill as passed the House of Representatives on January 29, 2008
CRS reports 51
Congressional Research Service work that CRS links to this bill or the law it became, newest first.
Cite it 51
Products on other subjects that cite it, usually among other measures.
| Product | Title | Kind | Published |
|---|---|---|---|
| R48364 | Considerations for Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel | Report | Jan 23, 2025 |
| RL31852 | The Section 179 and Section 168(k) Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Economic Effects, and Selected Policy Issues Archived | Report | Feb 7, 2024 |
| R44826 | The Loan Limits for Government-Backed Mortgages Archived | Report | Jun 9, 2022 |
| R47026 | Financial Regulation: Systemic Risk | Report | Feb 1, 2022 |
| RS20530 | FHA-Insured Home Loans: An Overview | Report | Jan 21, 2022 |
Amendments 35
Amendments offered to this bill.
| Amendment | Description | Offered by | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| SA 3973 | No description on file | John D. Rockefeller IV D-WV | Senate amendment submitted |
| SA 3974 | No description on file | Jim DeMint R-SC | Senate amendment submitted |
| SA 3975 | No description on file | Jim DeMint R-SC | Senate amendment submitted |
| SA 3976 | No description on file | Jim DeMint R-SC | Senate amendment submitted |
| SA 3978 | No description on file | Ron Wyden D-OR | Senate amendment submitted |
Related bills 2
Companion bills and other measures the record links to this one.
| Bill | Title | Relationship | Latest action |
|---|---|---|---|
| S 2539 | A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide a special depreciation allowance for certain property placed in service during 2008 and 2009. | Related bill | Jan 22, 2008 |
| HR 5107 | Giving Resources and Opportunities to the Workforce Act of 2008 | Related bill | Jan 23, 2008 |
Titles 5
Every title it has carried, official and short, at each stage.
- Official Title as Introduced
- To provide economic stimulus through recovery rebates to individuals, incentives for business investment, and an increase in conforming and FHA loan limits.
- Short Titles as Introduced
- Recovery Rebates and Economic Stimulus for the American People Act of 2008
- Short Titles as Passed House
- Recovery Rebates and Economic Stimulus for the American People Act of 2008
- Short Titles as Passed Senate
- Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
- Short Titles as Enacted
- Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
Subjects
Assigned by the Library of Congress. Policy area: Economics and Public Finance.
- Appropriations
- Commerce
- Congress
- Congressional reporting requirements
- Corporation taxes
- Depreciation and amortization
- Economics and Public Finance
- Finance and Financial Sector
- Housing and Community Development
- Income tax
- Mortgages
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Puerto Rico
- Secondary mortgage market
- Tax credits
- Tax deductions
- Tax rebates
- Taxation
Text 5
Each version as it was printed, newest first.
- —Enrolled Bill
- Feb 8, 2008Engrossed Amendment Senate
- Jan 30, 2008Placed on Calendar Senate
- Jan 29, 2008Engrossed in House
- Jan 28, 2008Introduced in House
Everything here is as published by Congress: the summary is the Congressional Research Service's, the action wording is the clerks', and the subjects are the Library of Congress's. How far it got is read from the actions themselves, taking the most recent one of each kind, so a bill that failed a vote and later passed is shown as having passed. Records come from this bill on Congress.gov and govinfo.gov; cost estimates are the Congressional Budget Office's, and the hearings are the printed hearings GovInfo publishes, which can appear months after the hearing.