This act reduces taxes, reduces or increases spending for various federal programs, increases the statutory debt limit, and otherwise addresses agencies and programs throughout the federal government.
It is known as a reconciliation bill and includes legislation submitted by several congressional committees pursuant to provisions in the FY2025 congressional budget resolution (H Con. Res. 14) that directed the committees to submit legislation to the House or Senate Budget Committee that will increase or decrease the deficit and increase the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. (Reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.)
TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION, AND FORESTRY
This title addresses a wide range of Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs, including by changing the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and extending programs authorized by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly known as the 2018 farm bill).
Subtitle A--Nutrition
(Sec. 10101) This section prohibits USDA from increasing the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) based on a reevaluation of the contents of the TFP (i.e., the market basket of goods). Further, any annual adjustment to the cost of the plan must be based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
As background, USDA created the TFP (the cost of purchasing a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet), which is used to determine maximum monthly benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). USDA calculates the cost of the TFP each year to account for food price inflation. Maximum allotments are set at the monthly cost of the TFP for a four-person family, adjusted for family size. Under a provision of the 2018 farm bill, USDA must reevaluate the market basket of goods every five years based on current food prices, food composition data, consumption patterns, and dietary guidance.
(Sec. 10102) This section increases the work requirements for certain SNAP recipients who are able-bodied adults.
As background, SNAP recipients who are able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs) currently have work-related requirements in addition to the general SNAP work registration and employment and training requirements. SNAP law limits benefits to ABAWDs to 3 months out of a 36-month period, unless the participant meets the additional work-related requirements.
This section raises the age for those who must meet these additional work requirements to include adults who are 65 years old and younger, whereas these requirements currently apply to adults who are 55 years old and younger.
This section requires parents and household members to meet the additional work requirements (similar to someone who does not have a dependent child) if the child is age 14 and older. Currently, those with a child under the age of 18 are exempt from the requirements.
This section excludes from the additional work requirements SNAP recipients who are Indians, Urban Indians, or California Indians (as these terms are defined by the Indian Health Care Improvement Act).
In addition, the section generally requires homeless individuals, veterans, and certain foster care individuals to meet these work requirements. Foster care individuals are those who are 24 years old or younger and were in foster care on the date of attaining 18 years of age or a higher age. Specifically, this section eliminates the current exclusion from the additional work requirements for these individuals based on this status.
Finally, this section limits the ability of a state to temporarily suspend the three-month time limit for SNAP benefits for ABAWDS in areas with high unemployment or an insufficient number of jobs. Under current law, the ABAWD waiver program allows states to request a temporary waiver of the three-month SNAP benefit limit. States may receive a waiver based on an area having an unemployment rate of over 10% or an insufficient number of jobs.
The section repeals the provision that allows a state waiver if that area does not have a sufficient number of jobs. Further, the section allows Alaska and Hawaii to qualify for the state exemption with an unemployment rate that is at or above 1.5 times the national unemployment rate, effectively lowering the unemployment rate that these states must meet to receive a waiver.
(Sec. 10103) This section generally eliminates the ability of a household to use participation in certain energy assistance programs to determine SNAP income eligibility unless the household includes an elderly or disabled member.
As background, a household may deduct a portion of their housing and utility costs from their income (i.e., the excess shelter expense deduction) when determining SNAP benefits. Under current law, a household that receives a certain level of energy assistance through the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) or a similar energy assistance program may deduct a set allowance. This set allowance (i.e., Standard Utility Allowance or SUA) represents low-income household utility costs in the state or local area. Using this allowance makes qualifying for an excess shelter deduction more likely.
This section eliminates the use of the set allowance for households without elderly or disabled members, which may decrease the availability of the excess shelter deduction and reduce the SNAP benefits for these households.
(Sec. 10104) This section prohibits a household from using any internet connection service fees as part of their housing and utility costs for the purposes of determining the size of household SNAP benefits, thus potentially reducing the SNAP benefits for these households.
As background, a household may deduct a portion of their housing and utility costs from their income (i.e., the excess shelter expense deduction) when determining SNAP benefits. Under current law, household expenses may include internet connection service fees.
(Sec. 10105) This section establishes state-matching fund requirements for the cost of SNAP program allotments beginning in FY2028. The state contribution ranges from 0% to 15% for the cost of SNAP program allotments and is based on the state’s SNAP payment error rate. Currently, the state match is 0%.
For FY2028, a state may elect either the FY2025 or FY2026 payment error rate to calculate its state-matching fund requirement. For FY2029 and each fiscal year thereafter, the state match is calculated using the payment error rate for the third fiscal year preceding the fiscal year for which the state share is being calculated.
Any state that has a payment error rate that is less than 6% will have a state match of 0% (i.e., the state does not have to contribute).
A state with a payment error rate that is
In general, the effective date for the state-matching fund requirements is the beginning of FY2028. However, any state that has an error rate above a certain level will have implementation delayed until FY2029 or FY2030. Specifically, the implementation date is delayed for states where the state's error rate multiplied by 1.5 equals or exceeds 20% in FY2025 or FY2026. For such states, the implementation date is delayed until FY2029 if the specified error rate occurs in FY2025 and until FY2030 if the error rate occurs in FY2026.
(Sec. 10106) This section reduces the amount that USDA may pay a state agency for administrative costs for the operation of SNAP to 25% of all administrative costs beginning in FY2027 and for each fiscal year thereafter. Currently, USDA must pay 50% of all administrative costs, thus this section increases the state share of administrative costs from 50% to 75%.
(Sec. 10107) This section eliminates funding for the SNAP Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program (SNAP-ED). SNAP state and local agencies administer this federal grant program. SNAP-Ed uses evidence-based, public health projects and interventions with the goal to implement a nutrition education and obesity prevention program for eligible individuals that promotes healthy food choices and physical activity consistent with the most recent Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
(Sec. 10108) This section eliminates SNAP eligibility for certain individuals who are classified as an alien under federal law and legally present in the United States, including those who have qualified for conditional entry under the asylum and refugee laws or based on urgent humanitarian reasons (e.g., a survivor of domestic violence or human trafficking).
The section maintains SNAP eligibility for individuals who reside in the United States and are (1) U.S. citizens or U.S. nationals; (2) lawful permanent residents, with exceptions; (3) aliens who are Cuban or Haitian entrants; or (4) individuals who are lawfully residing in the United States in accordance with the Compacts of Free Association between the United States and Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau.
Subtitle B-- Forestry
(Sec. 10201) This section rescinds certain funds provided to the Forest Service as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. For example, this includes the rescission of funds for
Subtitle C--Commodities
This subtitle amends and extends commodity support programs.
For example, the subtitle extends the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) program, the Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) program, and Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC) through crop year 2031. It also modifies various requirements for the programs.
(Sec. 10301) This section increases the reference prices for specified commodities under the ARC and PLC programs for crop years 2025 through 2030. This change would increase the likelihood of triggering a payment and increase the payments made to eligible producers when triggered.
Beginning in crop year 2031, USDA must increase the reference price so that it is equal to the reference price in the previous crop year multiplied by 1.005. USDA must continue to increase the reference price using this formula for each crop year after 2031, up to a maximum of 113% of the 2030 reference price.
The ARC and PLC programs, administered by the Farm Service Agency, offer financial assistance to eligible agricultural producers, and the reference prices are used to calculate benefits under the programs. The ARC program is an income support program that provides payments to producers triggered when actual crop revenue declines below a specified guarantee level. The PLC program provides income support payments triggered when the effective price for a covered commodity falls below its effective reference price.
(Sec. 10302) This section grants eligible agricultural producers a one-time option to expand and allocate base acre holdings in proportion to average 2019-2023 plantings of covered and noncovered commodities. In general, the Price Loss Coverage and Agriculture Risk Coverage programs make payments per enrolled base acre (i.e., a unit of production associated with specific tracts of farmland in proportion to historical production of certain crops).
This section allows producers to allocate existing unassigned base acres to a covered commodity. The section limits the total existing unassigned and newly granted base acres to no more than 30 million acres, effectively increasing total base acres nationwide from approximately 274 million to approximately 304 million.
(Sec. 10303) This section requires producers to make an election to obtain ARC or PLC on a covered-commodity-by-covered commodity basis through crop year 2031. For the 2025 crop year, this section requires USDA, on a covered commodity-by-covered commodity basis, to make the higher of PLC payments or ARC county coverage payments to the producers on a farm for the payment acres for each covered commodity on the farm.
(Sec. 10304) This section extends the PLC program through crop year 2031.
(Sec. 10305) This section extends the ARC program through the 2031 crop year. It also increases the coverage guarantee level from 86% to 90% of the benchmark revenue and increases the maximum payment amount from 10% to 12.5% of the benchmark revenue. These changes increase the likelihood of triggering a payment and increase the payments made to eligible producers when triggered.
(Sec. 10306) This section establishes a definition for a qualified pass-through entity, which includes certain partnerships and S corporations (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code) and certain limited liability companies, joint ventures, and general partnerships. It also generally requires these entities to be treated in the same manner as current law treats general partnerships and joint ventures for the purpose of payment limitations. For example, the section replaces an existing exception to payment limitations for joint ventures and general partnerships with an exception for qualified pass-through entities.
(Sec. 10307) This section increases the maximum ARC and PLC payment limit per person from $125,000 to $155,000. A producer is eligible to receive up to $155,000 in peanut payments and up to $155,000 in payments for all commodities except peanuts (i.e., up to $310,000 total for all commodities inclusive). USDA must adjust payment limits for inflation annually beginning with the 2025 crop year.
As background, certain payment limits and eligibility criteria apply to multiple farm programs, including ARC, PLC, and certain disaster assistance programs and conservation programs.
(Sec. 10308) This section waives the adjusted gross income (AGI) limitations for payments or benefits under certain USDA disaster assistance and conservation programs for a person or legal entity that derives a portion of their income from agriculture. Specifically, the exception allows producers and business entities whose AGI exceeds $900,000 to participate in certain disaster assistance and conservation programs if 75% or more of their AGI (i.e., gross income before applying adjustments to calculate the AGI) is derived from eligible agricultural activities.
The eligible activities are farming, ranching, or siviculture activities, including agritourism, direct-to-consumer marketing of agricultural products, and the sale of agricultural equipment owned by such person or entity.
(Sec. 10309) This section extends the Marketing Assistance Loan (MAL) program nonrecourse and recourse loans through the 2031 crop year. It also sets MAL rates for crop years 2026-2031. This section also extends Loan Deficiency Payments (LDPs) through the 2031 crop year. The MAL and LDP programs provide price support to producers when market prices drop below statutory levels.
This section also extends the Special Competitive Provisions for Extra Long Staple (ELS) Cotton program. This program makes payments to eligible mills that use ELS cotton and eligible exporters of ELS cotton.
As background, there are two main species of cotton cultivated for commercial use, upland cotton (which comprises 97% of U.S. production) and extra-long staple (ELS) cotton. U.S.-grown ELS cotton is also referred to as Pima cotton.
(Sec. 10310) This section changes how world prices for upland and ELS cotton are calculated for the purpose of repaying MALs.
(Sec. 10311) This section increases the payments to domestic users of upland cotton who participate in the Economic Adjustment Assistance for Textile Mills program. This program makes monthly payments to eligible domestic cotton mills. The payments must be used for capital investments that contribute to domestic manufacturing of upland cotton.
(Sec. 10312) This section makes several modification to USDA's sugar program. As background, the U.S. sugar program supports the U.S. sugar industry (i.e., producers and processors of sugarcane and sugar beets) by providing Marketing Assistance Loans (MALs) to sugar processors, restricting domestic supply of sugar with marketing allotments for sugar processors, and limiting sugar imports through tariff-rate quotas.
Specifically, this section increases the marketing loan rate for raw sugar cane processors and increases the rate for beet sugar processors for crop years 2025-2031.
This section also increases the storage rates USDA pays to processors for forfeited refined sugar and forfeited raw cane sugar. Under current law, when sugar is used to collateralize a MAL loan and is forfeited by a sugar processor, USDA must provide payments to the processors who store the forfeited sugar.
This section extends the provisions for the flexible marketing allotments for sugar through crop year 2031. In addition, in operating sugar support programs, USDA must prioritize sugar beet processors if marketing allotments are adjusted higher. Additionally, if sugar beet marketing allotments need to be adjusted, USDA must reassign sugar beet marketing allotments within 30 days of the publication of USDA's January World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report.
Finally, USDA must study whether the establishment of additional terms and conditions with respect to refined sugar imports is necessary and appropriate and submit a report to Congress. Based on the study, USDA may issue regulations to establish additional terms and conditions for refined sugar imports.
(Sec. 10313) This section extends Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC) through crop year 2031 and provides for a number of changes to the DMC program.
As background, DMC allows participating milk producers to buy a guaranteed margin for their milk production. The DMC program pays participating producers the difference between a producer-selected guarantee and the national milk margin (all-milk price minus an average feed cost ration). Margin payments are based on producers' milk production history, not actual milk marketings (i.e., quantity of milk sold). Producers pay annual premium rates based on two tiers of production history.
Changes to the program include
(Sec. 10314) This section requires USDA to make available specified funds to carry out this subtitle. It also requires USDA to use specified funds to administer a mandatory survey of dairy product manufacturers' production costs and product yield information. USDA must publish the results of the surveys biennially.
Subtitle D--Disaster Assistance Programs
This subtitle expands the types of eligible losses covered under the permanently authorized agricultural disaster assistance programs, which include the Livestock Indemnity Program; the Livestock Forage Disaster Program; the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program; and the Tree Assistance Program. This subtitle also increases coverage levels and lowers the threshold for triggering payments for certain eligible losses.
(Sec. 10401) Under the Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP), this section increases the payment rate to 100%, from 75%, for losses due to predation (i.e., attacks by animals reintroduced into the wild by the federal government or protected by federal law). This section also authorizes USDA to allow eligible producers to submit documentation to assist in determining an animal's market value. Further, the section expands LIP coverage to include unborn livestock as LIP- eligible livestock losses. LIP provides indemnity payments to eligible livestock owners and contract growers for livestock deaths in excess of normal mortality or reduced sales prices due to specified events (e.g., adverse weather, disease, or animal attack).
Under the Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP), this section expands the types of eligible drought conditions covered and increases payments for certain eligible drought conditions under the program. The LFP program makes payments to eligible livestock producers who have suffered grazing losses due to drought-affected pastureland or a fire on federally managed rangelands.
Under the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program (ELAP), this section expands eligible losses to include bird predation of farm-raised fish and adds an eligible loss threshold when determining honey bee colony losses. ELAP provides payments to producers of livestock, honey bees, and farm-raised fish as compensation for losses due to disease, adverse weather, feed or water shortages, or other conditions that are not covered under other programs.
Under the Tree Assistance Program (TAP), this section lowers the eligible normal mortality loss threshold and increases assistance for eligible rehabilitation costs. TAP provides financial assistance to qualifying orchardists and nursery tree growers to replant or rehabilitate eligible trees, bushes, and vines damaged by natural disasters.
Subtitle E--Crop Insurance
This subtitle increases certain crop insurance premium subsidies and increases additional premium subsidies available for beginning farmers and ranchers. The subtitle also increases coverage levels for Supplemental Coverage Option (i.e., a type of county-level coverage) and Whole Farm Revenue Protection policies, increases support for administrative and operating (A&O) costs incurred by approved crop insurance providers, and increases funds available for program compliance and integrity.
As background, the Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) offers subsidized crop insurance policies that producers can purchase to cover a wide variety of crops and livestock. These policies pay indemnities for yield and revenue losses caused by adverse growing and market conditions, including natural disasters. The Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC)—a government corporation within USDA—subsidizes part of the policy premium.
(Sec. 10501) This section increases the premium subsidies available for beginning farmers or ranchers for an applicable insurance policy or plan.
Further, farmers and ranchers are eligible to qualify for the program for 10 years, an increase from 5 years. Specifically, a farmer or rancher must not have actively operated and managed a farm or ranch for more than 10 crop years to be considered a beginning farmer or rancher.
(Sec. 10502) This section expands the maximum coverage level from 85% to 90% for individual yield or revenue coverage aggregated across multiple commodities (e.g., Whole-Farm Revenue Protection policies).
The section also expands the Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) and increases SCO premium subsidies from 65% to 80%. It also increases the SCO coverage level from 86% to 90%.
(Sec. 10503) This section increases administrative and operating (A&O) subsidies in certain states and years with relatively high losses.
As background, the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) subsidizes part of the policy premium. The policyholders (i.e., farmers and ranchers) pay any remaining premium. Private insurance companies sell and service the policies in return for A&O subsidies from the FCIC.
This section also establishes a minimum A&O reimbursement rate for specialty crop policies each year beginning in the 2026 reinsurance year. The rate must be equal to or greater than the percentage that is the greater of (1) 17% of the premium used to define loss ratio, and (2) the percentage of the premium used to define loss ratio that is otherwise applicable for the reinsurance year under the terms of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement in effect for the reinsurance year.
Finally, beginning with the 2026 reinsurance year, the section requires USDA to annually increase the total A&O reimbursements that would otherwise be required in order to account for inflation.
(Sec. 10504) This section increases certain crop insurance premium subsidies. The increases range from 3% to 5%, depending on the coverage level.
(Sec. 10505) This section increases funding for available information technologies (i.e., data mining and data warehousing) to administer and enforce program compliance and integrity.
(Sec. 10506) This section increases funding for (1) the operations and review of policies, plans of insurance, and related materials; and (2) maintaining program actuarial soundness and financial integrity.
(Sec. 10507) This section provides for the establishment of a Poultry Insurance Pilot Program to provide contract poultry growers with index-based insurance for extreme weather-related risk resulting in increased utility costs associated with poultry production. Under an index policy, claim payments are generally triggered based on a predetermined index that is entirely independent of the individual farm operation (e.g., rainfall level). Under such a policy, the payments are automatically triggered when the index reaches a certain level rather than when an insured farmer files a claim.
Subtitle F--Additional Investments in Rural America
(Sec. 10601) This section rescinds the unobligated funds that were provided for the Agriculture Conservation Easement Program (ACEP), the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), and the Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The section also adds funds to the permanent farm bill baseline for these programs. It also reauthorizes or modifies the funding levels for various other conservation programs.
The section provides the following funding levels for ACEP:
The section provides the following funding levels for EQIP:
The section provides the following funding levels for CSP:
The section provides the following funding levels for RCPP:
In addition, this section reauthorizes or modifies the funding levels for the following programs
(Sec. 10602) This section directs USDA to carry out a program to encourage the accessibility, development, maintenance, and expansion of commercial export markets for U.S. agricultural commodities. This section also provides $285 million in mandatory funding for the program for FY2027 and each fiscal year thereafter.
(Sec. 10603) This section extends funding for the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) through FY2031. TEFAP provides food commodities (and cash support for storage and distribution costs) through states to local emergency feeding organizations (e.g., food banks). Through TEFAP, USDA purchases a variety of commodities and makes those food products (e.g., canned, frozen, dried, and fresh fruits and vegetables; eggs; meat; dairy; and whole-grain and enriched grain products) available to state distributing agencies.
(Sec. 10604) This section reauthorizes and provides funding for a number of USDA research initiatives.
The section reauthorizes and extends funding through FY2031 for the Urban, Indoor, and other Emerging Agricultural Production Research, Education, and Extension Initiative, a National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) competitive grant program that supports research, education, and extension activities that facilitate development of urban, indoor, and other emerging agricultural production systems.
The section provides $37 million for the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, a nonprofit corporation established to advance the research mission of USDA by supporting research activities focused on key problems of national and international significance.
The section provides specified funds to the 1890 National Scholars Program for FY2026 for student scholarships. This NIFA program provides grants to 1890 Institutions (i.e., historically Black colleges and universities that belong to the U.S. land-grant university system) for students who intend to pursue a career in the food and agricultural sciences.
The section provides funding for the Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities Program (AgrAbility) grant program for FY2026. This NIFA program supports projects that provide agricultural education and assistance to farmers with disabilities and their family members.
This section provides the Specialty Crop Research Initiative with $175 million in mandatory funding for FY2026. Currently, the program is funded at $80 million for each fiscal year.
This section also provides funding for competitive grants to assist in the construction, alteration, acquisition, modernization, renovation, or remodeling of Agricultural Research Facilities.
(Sec. 10605) This section reauthorizes, and extends funding for, the bioenergy program for advanced biofuels (i.e., Advanced Biofuel Payment Program) through FY2031. The program provides payments to fuel producers to support and expand production of advanced biofuels (i.e., not derived from corn starch).
(Sec. 10606) This section provides additional funding for the Plant Pest and Disease Management Disaster Prevention Program for FY2026 and each fiscal year thereafter.
This section provides additional funding for the Specialty Crop Block Grant Program for FY2026 and each fiscal year thereafter. Under the block grant program, USDA provides grants to the state departments of agriculture to enhance the competitiveness of specialty crops (i.e., fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, horticulture, and nursery crops, including floriculture).
The section also reauthorizes, and extends funding for, organic production and market data initiatives through FY2031.
This section reauthorizes, and extends funding through FY2026, for USDA to carry out the modernization and improvement of international trade technology systems and data collection on imports of organically produced agricultural products accepted into the United States.
The section also reauthorizes through FY2031 the Organic Certification Cost Share Program, which provides cost share assistance to producers and handlers of agricultural products who are obtaining or renewing their certification under the National Organic Program.
This section reauthorizes, and extends funding through FY2026, for the multiple crop and pesticide use survey of farmers. The USDA Office of Pest Management Policy conducts this survey to collect data for risk assessment modeling and mitigation for an active ingredient.
(Sec. 10607) This section increases mandatory funding for the National Animal Health Laboratory Network from $30 million per fiscal year to
Specific increases in funding are provided for the National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program and the National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank.
This section extends and increases funding for the Sheep Production & Marketing Grant Program through FY2026. This program seeks to strengthen and enhance the production and marketing of sheep and sheep products in the United States.
This section also extends the
TITLE II--COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES
This title provides additional funding for, and modifies, various defense and national security projects and programs.
(Sec. 20001) This section provides $7.5 billion in additional funding for FY2025 to the Department of Defense (DOD) for military personnel quality of life, which includes specified amounts for
The section also provides statutory authority to extend from 14 to 21 days eligibility for Temporary Lodging Expense (TLE) for certain servicemembers undergoing a permanent change of station.
Additionally, the section temporarily increases authorized investment amounts and provides additional authorization for the acquisition or construction of certain military housing through private contracts.
(Sec. 20002) This section provides $29.2 billion in additional funding for FY2025 for the shipbuilding industrial base and various naval shipbuilding activities.
(Sec. 20003) This section provides $24.4 billion in additional funding for FY2025 for the development of (1) space-based missile intercept capabilities, (2) military space-based sensors, and (3) the continued development of ground-based missile defense systems and related infrastructure.
(Sec. 20004) This section provides $25.4 billion in additional funding for FY2025 for various military weapon systems, including hypersonic, air-to-air, cruise, and anti-ship missiles.
This amount also includes additional funding for FY2025 for the Industrial Base Fund.
(Sec. 20005) This section provides $16 billion in additional funding for FY2025 to expand the small, unmanned aerial system (UAS) industrial base, to advance the use of artificial intelligence in these and other systems, and to support the integration of commercial developments in military technology.
This amount also includes additional funding to finance loans and loan guarantees by the DOD Office of Strategic Capital.
(Sec. 20006) This section provides $380 million in additional funding for FY2025 to replace current business systems, deploy automation, and deploy artificial intelligence to accelerate audits of DOD financial statements.
(Sec. 20007) This section provides $8.6 billion in additional funding for FY2025 to (1) modernize the capabilities of fighter, transport, and other military aircraft; (2) prevent the retirement of certain fighter aircraft (e.g., F-22); and (3) produce next-generation manned and unmanned aircraft.
(Sec. 20008) This section provides $14.7 billion in additional funding for FY2025 for nuclear defense resources and nuclear forces development and production. This includes additional funding to expand the production capacity of the B-21 long-range bomber aircraft.
This amount also includes additional funding for FY2025 for the National Nuclear Security Administration.
(Sec. 20009) This section provides $12.7 billion in additional funding for FY2025 for (1) various military exercises and infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific region, and (2) the development and procurement of military satellites.
(Sec. 20010) This section provides $16.3 billion in additional funding for FY2025 to enhance and modernize (1) military depots and shipyards, (2) Special Operations Command (SOCOM) equipment, and (3) Air Force facilities.
(Sec. 20011) This section provides $1 billion in additional funding for FY2025 to support border operations, including deployment of military personnel.
(Sec. 20012) This section provides $10 million in additional funding for FY2025 for the DOD Office of Inspector General to monitor the activities for which funding is provided under this title.
(Sec. 20013) This section authorizes each military department to use funding under this title for military construction, land acquisition, and military family housing. Each military department must submit a detailed spending plan to Congress.
TITLE III--COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS
(Sec. 30001) This section reduces funding for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). Specifically, the section reduces from 12% to 6.5% the cap on the percentage of combined earnings transferred from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board to the CFPB.
(Sec. 30002) This section rescinds unobligated funds from the Green and Resilient Retrofit Program under the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The program provides funding for energy efficiency improvements in multifamily properties receiving HUD assistance.
(Sec. 30003) This section closes the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Reserve Fund and transfers the remaining amounts to the general fund of the Treasury. The fund, which pays for SEC expenses and is not subject to annual appropriation, was created by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and is funded by securities registration fees.
(Sec. 30004) This section provides additional funding of $1 billion to carry out activities under the Defense Production Act of 1950. The act confers on the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense, such as requiring industries to accept contracts for national defense purposes.
TITLE IV--COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
(Sec. 40001) This section provides the Coast Guard with over $24.5 billion in additional funds for FY2025, to remain available through FY2029, to use expedited processes to (1) procure or acquire new operational assets and systems; (2) maintain existing assets and systems; (3) design, construct, plan, engineer, and improve necessary shore infrastructure; and (4) enhance operational resilience for monitoring, search and rescue, interdiction, hardening of maritime approaches, and navigational safety.
This includes specified funds for various cutters and other programs. Cutters are Coast Guard vessels that are more than 65 feet long and have accommodations for a crew. (Those less than 65 feet long are called boats.)
This title includes specified funds for
(Sec. 40002) This section renews the authority of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to auction licenses for the use of radio frequency spectrum and requires the FCC to auction at least 800 megahertz of spectrum within a specified time frame.
Specifically, this section reauthorizes the FCC’s use of competitive bidding (i.e., auctions) to grant licenses for the use of specific frequencies through September 30, 2034. (The FCC’s auction authority must be renewed by Congress periodically. It expired on March 9, 2023, and has not been renewed.) However, the FCC is not authorized to auction certain frequencies used primarily by the Department of Defense.
During this period of renewed auction authority, the FCC is required to auction at least 300 megahertz of spectrum, including at least 100 megahertz in specified frequencies (known as the Upper C-Band) within two years of this title’s enactment.
Further, within four years of this title’s enactment, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) must identify 500 megahertz of additional spectrum currently allocated to the federal government for reallocation and auction.
Specifically, the NTIA must select spectrum at frequencies between 1.3 and 10.5 gigahertz for reallocation to nonfederal use or shared federal use for full-power commercial licensed use cases (e.g., commercial mobile phone service). In selecting spectrum for reallocation, the NTIA must assess the feasibility of reallocating specific frequencies with the goal of maximizing auction proceeds.
The FCC must auction the frequencies identified for reallocation within a specified time frame, and must complete auctions for the full 500 megahertz within eight years of this title’s enactment.
If necessary to protect U.S. national security, the President must modify or withdraw any frequency identified for reallocation at least 60 days before an auction of that frequency.
Finally, this section provides funding for the NTIA to conduct a timely spectrum analysis of certain frequency bands and to publish reports, biennially through 2034, on the value of all spectrum used by federal entities.
(Sec. 40003) This section provides the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with $12.52 billion in additional funds for FY2025, to remain available through FY2029, for the acquisition, construction, sustainment, and improvement of facilities and equipment necessary to improve or maintain aviation safety. This includes $4.75 billion for telecommunications infrastructure modernization and systems upgrades and $3 billion for radar systems replacement.
This also includes specified funds for
The FAA must submit a report to Congress every 90 days on these expenditures.
(Sec. 40004) This section requires the FAA to impose a specified fee on each commercial space launch or reentry carried out beginning in 2026.
This section also establishes an account within the U.S. Treasury wherein all commercial space launch and reentry fees must be deposited. The FAA must use a certain portion of such funds for (1) expenses of the FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation, which administers commercial space launch and reentry permitting; and (2) a project to expedite the development, acquisition, and deployment of technologies or capabilities to aid in space launch and reentry integration.
(Sec. 40005) This section provides $9.995 billion to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for Moon and Mars missions, infrastructure improvements at NASA facilities, and other NASA projects.
Specifically, this section includes funding for the procurement of a high-performance Mars telecommunications orbiter; for the procurement and operation of the Space Launch System for Artemis missions IV and V; and for expenses related to the operation and eventual deorbiting of the International Space Station.
This section also requires NASA to identify a space vehicle that has carried astronauts and flown in space to be relocated and placed on public display near a NASA field center. The space vehicle must be transported to this new location within 18 months of this title’s enactment. This section provides funding to NASA to carry out this requirement, including certain funds that must be transferred to a selected entity for the construction of a facility to house the space vehicle.
(Sec. 40006) This section effectively eliminates the civil penalty for a violation by a manufacturer of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and the ability of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to enforce the standards. Under current law, NHTSA’s CAFE standards regulate how far vehicles must travel on a gallon of fuel. NHTSA enforces the standards through civil penalties. This section sets the civil penalty to $0 for a violation by a manufacturer of the CAFE standards.
(Sec. 40007) This section increases the amount of the lease payment that the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) must pay to the federal government for Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport.
Specifically, MWAA must pay $15 million per year (adjusted annually for inflation) beginning in 2027. This amount must be renegotiated at least once every 10 years to ensure that the amount is not less than $15 million in 2027 dollars. Under current law, for 2025, the projected payment is approximately $7.5 million.
(Sec. 40008) This section rescinds specified funds that were provided to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for certain facilities, activities, and research.
Specifically, this section rescinds funds that were provided to NOAA for (1) the provision of financial or technical assistance to coastal states and other entities for conservation, restoration, and protection of coastal and marine habitats and to enable preparation for extreme weather; (2) NOAA facilities, including piers, fisheries laboratories, and national marine sanctuaries; (3) reviews of planning, permitting, and approval processes; and (4) weather research and forecasting innovations, including a grant program to support climate research.
(Sec. 40009) This section reduces funding for the Corporation for Travel Promotion (i.e., Brand USA) to $20 million per year through FY2027 from the current level of $100 million per year. Established by the Travel Promotion Act of 2009, Brand USA is a public-private partnership tasked with promoting tourism in the United States.
(Sec. 40010) This section rescinds the unobligated balances for the FAA Alternative Fuel and Low-Emission Aviation Technology Program, which includes the Fueling Aviation’s Sustainable Transition (FAST) program, that was funded as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The purpose of the program is to provide competitive grants for projects located in the United States that (1) produce, transport, blend, or store sustainable aviation fuel; or (2) develop, demonstrate, or apply low-emission aviation technologies.
(Sec. 40011) This section rescinds specified funds that were provided for the Public Wireless Supply Chain Innovation Fund, a competitive grant program administered by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration that funds efforts to accelerate the development, deployment, and adoption of Open Radio Access Networks (Open RAN). (Radio Access Networks connect individual user devices [e.g., cell phones and laptops] to broader telecommunications networks. Open RAN is a nonproprietary, standardized approach that aims to allow all hardware and software in a cellular network to interoperate, regardless of manufacturer or vendor.)
TITLE V--COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Subtitle A--Oil and Gas Leasing
(Sec. 50101) This section generally reduces restrictions on onshore development of oil and gas on federal lands, including by (1) decreasing the minimum royalty rates paid by oil and gas companies, (2) reinstating noncompetitive leasing, (3) directing the Department of the Interior to immediately resume onshore quarterly lease sales in specified states, and (4) directing Interior to approve applications that allow for the commingling of production from two or more sources (e.g., the area of an oil and gas lease and nonfederal property) before production reaches the point where the volume and quality of the substances are measured for royalty payment purposes if certain conditions are met.
(Sec. 50102) This section generally reduces restrictions on offshore development of oil and gas on federal lands, including by directing Interior to hold a specified number of offshore oil and gas lease sales on certain submerged lands of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), including areas in the Gulf of America and the Cook Inlet Planning Area in Alaska.
This section also directs Interior to approve operator requests to commingle production from multiple reservoirs within a single wellbore completed on the OCS of the Gulf of America unless conclusive evidence shows the practice would be unsafe or reduce the recovery of oil.
Further, this section decreases the minimum royalty rates for federal leases for offshore development of oil and gas.
This section also modifies the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006 to raise the cap on the distribution of OCS revenues to oil and gas producing Gulf states (i.e., Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) and the Land and Water Conservation Fund state assistance program from $500 million to $650 million per year for FY2025-FY2034.
(Sec. 50103) This section ends the practice of assessing royalties on gas extracted from federal lands that was consumed or lost by venting, flaring, or through negligent releases (e.g, extracted methane).
(Sec. 50104) This section modifies provisions concerning the production of oil and gas from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska, particularly by directing Interior to conduct at least four lease sales under the Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program in ANWR not later than 10 years after enactment. Additionally, it outlines how the revenues derived from the program must be divided between Alaska and the federal government.
(Sec. 50105) This section requires at least five lease sales under the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) oil and gas program not later than 10 years after enactment. It also outlines how the revenues derived from the program must be divided between Alaska and the federal government.
Subtitle B--Mining
(Sec. 50201) This section directs Interior, within 90 days after enactment, to publish an environmental review, hold certain coal lease sales, and issue the leases for certain coal lease applications that are pending as of enactment or are submitted within 90 days.
(Sec. 50202) This section decreases through September 30, 2034, the royalty rate for coal leases on federal lands.
(Sec. 50203) This section requires Interior to make available for lease known recoverable coal resources of at least 4 million additional acres on federal land, not including federal land located in areas such as a National Conservation Area.
(Sec. 50204) This section authorizes mining of all federal coal reserves located in federal land subject to a previously approved mining plan and adjacent to coal reserves in adjacent state or private lands.
Subtitle C--Lands
(Sec. 50301) This section directs the Forest Service to annually, beginning in FY2026 and through FY2034, sell a quantity of timber on National Forest System land that is at least 250 million board feet greater than the quantity that was sold in the previous fiscal year, subject to forest plan limits.
The Forest Service must annually enter into at least 40 20-year or longer contracts for the sale of national forest materials for FY2025-FY2034.
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) must annually, beginning in FY2026 and through FY2034, sell a quantity of timber on public land that is at least 20 million board feet greater than the quantity that was sold in the previous fiscal year, subject to resource management plan limits.
This section also directs the BLM to annually enter into at least five 20-year or longer contracts to dispose of vegetative materials on certain federal lands for FY2025-FY2034.
(Sec. 50302) This section establishes fees and authorities related to renewable energy projects on federal lands, including by providing statutory authority for annual acreage rent for wind and solar rights-of-way.
(Sec. 50303) This section provides a mechanism for states, counties, and the federal government to share revenues from renewable energy projects on public lands.
(Sec. 50304) This section rescinds certain funding for Interior to carry out projects concerning the conservation, protection, and resiliency of lands and resources administered by the National Park Service (NPS) and the BLM.
This section also rescinds funding for conservation and ecosystem and habitat restoration projects on lands administered by the NPS and the BLM.
This section also rescinds funding for hiring NPS employees.
(Sec. 50305) This section provides $150 million in fundin to the NPS for events, celebrations, and activities related to the 250th anniversary of America’s founding.
Subtitle D--Energy
(Sec. 50401) This section provides $389 million in funding for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). It also repeals a provision that requires the Department of Energy (DOE) to draw down and sell a specified quantity of crude oil from the SPR during FY2026-FY2027.
(Sec. 50402) This section reinstates the cap on the total amount of loans that may be provided under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, a DOE program that provides loans to facilities that manufacture vehicles that emit either a low amount or no amount of greenhouse gases.
This section also rescinds the unobligated funds that were provided by the Inflation Reduction Act for various energy programs, such as State-Based Home Energy Efficiency Contractor Training Grants, the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, and the Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program.
(Sec. 50403) This section revises the types of projects eligible for energy infrastructure reinvestment financing. In particular, this financing is eliminated for projects that avoid or reduce air pollutants or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, fossil fuel projects under this program are no longer required to have controls or technologies to avoid or reduce air pollutants or GHG emissions.
This section expands the program to include projects involving critical minerals. Projects that support or enable the provision of known or forecastable electric supply at time intervals necessary to maintain or enhance grid reliability or other system adequacy needs are also now eligible for this financing. This section also provides an additional $1 billion in funding for the program.
(Sec. 50404) This section provides funding for partnerships between the National Laboratories and U.S. industry to organize DOE data for use in artificial intelligence and machine learning models. DOE must also initiate seed efforts for self-improving artificial intelligence models for science and engineering using this data. These models must be provided to the scientific community through a system of programs and infrastructure using cloud computing. This section also allows this data to be used to develop next-generation microelectronics.
Subtitle E--Water
(Sec. 50501) This section provides $1 billion in funding to the Bureau of Reclamation for construction and associated activities that increase the capacity of existing Reclamation surface water storage facilities or conveyance facilities.
TITLE VI--COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS
Among other provisions, this title repeals and rescinds funding provided under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 for a variety of environmental programs.
(Sec. 60001) This section rescinds unobligated funds for the program under which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides (1) grants and rebates to replace certain medium-duty vehicles (e.g., school buses) and heavy-duty vehicles (e.g., garbage trucks) with zero-emission vehicles, and (2) awards to replace such vehicles in communities located in areas designated as nonattainment areas under the Clean Air Act (e.g., areas that do not meet national air quality standards).
(Sec. 60002) This section repeals and rescinds unobligated funds for the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, which provides financial and technical assistance to states and other eligible recipients to help enable low-income and disadvantaged communities carry out activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
(Sec. 60003) This section rescinds unobligated funds for an EPA program that gives grants, rebates, and loans under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to identify and reduce diesel emissions resulting from goods movement (e.g., distribution of raw materials and consumer products) facilities as well as vehicles servicing those facilities in low-income and disadvantaged communities.
(Sec. 60004) This section rescinds unobligated funds for a variety of programs that provide incentives to monitor and reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases, including funding for grants and other activities to
(Sec. 60005) This section rescinds unobligated funds provided for grants and other activities to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants at schools in low-income and disadvantaged communities. Further, it rescinds funding for technical assistance to schools in low-income and disadvantaged communities to (1) address environmental issues; (2) develop school environmental quality plans that include standards for school building, design, construction, and renovation; and (3) identify and mitigate ongoing air pollution hazards.
(Sec. 60006) This section rescinds unobligated funds for a low emissions electricity program that provides education, technical assistance, and outreach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that result from domestic electricity generation and use.
(Sec. 60007) This section rescinds unobligated funds provided under the EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard Program for
(Sec. 60008) This section rescinds unobligated funding for implementing the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020, which directs the EPA to limit hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HFCs are greenhouse gases that are used in applications such as air conditioning, refrigeration, fire suppression, and aerosols.
(Sec. 60009) This section rescinds unobligated funding for updating the EPA's Integrated Compliance Information System and any associated systems, necessary information technology infrastructure, or public access software tools to ensure access to compliance data and related information. Further, it also rescinds funding for grants to states, Indian tribes, and air pollution control agencies to update their systems to ensure communication with EPA’s system. Finally, it rescinds funding to the EPA for updating inspection software or acquiring such software or devices on which to run the software.
(Sec. 60010) This section rescinds unobligated funding provided for the EPA to support (1) enhanced standardization and transparency of corporate climate action commitments and plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; (2) enhanced transparency regarding progress toward meeting such commitments and implementing such plans; and (3) progress toward meeting such commitments and implementing such plans.
(Sec. 60011) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the EPA program that supports the development, enhanced standardization and transparency, and reporting criteria for environmental product declarations that include measurements of the greenhouse gases associated with the lifecycle—or all the relevant stages of production, use, and disposal—of construction materials and products.
(Sec. 60012) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the methane emissions reduction program under which the EPA provides financial incentives to encourage the reporting of greenhouse gases, the monitoring of methane, and the reduction of methane emissions from petroleum and natural gas systems. The section also postpones to calendar year 2034 the EPA’s fee on methane emissions that exceed certain thresholds.
(Sec. 60013) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the EPA program that awards grants to states, air pollution control agencies, municipalities, and Indian tribes for developing and implementing plans to reduce greenhouse gas air pollution.
(Sec. 60014) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the EPA’s provision of efficient, accurate, and timely reviews, including
(Sec. 60015) This section rescinds unobligated funds for a program under which the EPA identifies and labels construction materials and products that have substantially lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions associated with all the relevant stages of production, use, and disposal of the materials and products.
(Sec. 60016) This section rescinds unobligated funding for environmental and climate justice block grants that benefit disadvantaged communities.
(Sec. 60017) This section rescinds unobligated funding for developing and implementing recovery