COMMUNICATING FOR AMERICA

Active 2007–2021. The register lists this client once for every firm that files on its behalf; all 3 of its records are shown together here.

These two figures are not added together. A client that lobbies for itself reports its own spending, while firms it retains report what they were paid. Disclosure rules ask the in-house figure to include those payments, but filings do not always do so, and a filing gives no way to tell. Each is shown as reported.