Rural Broadband Deployment Act - Amends the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 with respect to rural broadband access loan or loan guarantee eligibility to: (1) not require a market survey for an applicant who is projecting less than 15% penetration of households in a service area; and (2) replace the credit support requirement, including the cash on hand requirement, with a minimum 20% of loan equity position (10% in specified situations of a single provider or limited broadband service participation area).